Centennial glacier retreat increases sedimentation and eutrophication in Subantarctic periglacial lakes: A study case of Lake Uruguay.

High resolution XRF scanning documented inter-annual paleolimnological changes of a Subantarctic periglacial lake, during a process of centennial glacier retreat in King George Island, Antarctica. Two major paleoenvironmental stages were inferred from the combined analysis of elemental, molecular and isotopic biomarkers, with a boundary or transition set at about 3200 yr BP. The first stage was characterized by a relatively low allochthonous organic content, reduced productivity and nitrogen levels. Such paleoenvironmental conditions are interpreted as a terrestrial system under periglacial influence, where material influx was related to erosion process from the melt water discharge, because of the proximity to the Collins Glacier ice cap. After the major Holocene glacier advance dated at about 3500 yr BP, the ice cap retreat led to the formation of Lake Uruguay, which involved in filling processes leading to moraine deposits, proglacial meltwater channels, and lakes next to the land glacier. During the second stage, with the onset of the Current Warm Period, prior to 1900 CE the stabilization of the Zr/Rb ratio within the laminated sediments documented the origin of the lacustrine sedimentation system, with subsequent increases in the sedimentation rate and biomass content (total nitrogen and organic carbon). Time series analyses revealed that the lake displayed variability cycles related to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as reflected by high resolution sedimentological proxies for grain size, weathering, allochthonous inputs from the watershed, increase of biomass and productivity, and changes in redox conditions, all of which displayed similar oscillation cycles from 2 to 6 yr. During this periglacial recession and associated eutrophication process, we detected a striking loss in both bacterial specific richness and diversity as inferred from preliminary selected ancient DNA analyses. Thus, the Antarctic warming scenario leading to glacier depletion appears to exert deterioration consequences on the Subantarctic microbial web.

Antibodies and PMBC from EIAV infected carrier horses recognize gp45 and p26 synthetic peptides.

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus causing a persistent infection in horses characterized by recurrent febrile episodes and high levels of viremia associated with a novel antigenic strain of the virus. The virus contains two envelope glycoproteins, gp90 and gp45, and four internal proteins, p26, p15, p11 and p9. Considering that the most infected horses are able to restrict EIAV replication to very low levels and that gp45 and p26 contain highly conserved epitopes among lentiviruses, it would be necessary to identify those conserved epitopes stimulating cellular and humoral responses. The aims of this study were to determine if the synthetic peptides identified as gp45 (aa 523-547) and p26 (aa 318-346) representing two highly conserved and immunodominant regions of EIA virus are recognized by PBMC and antibodies to EIAV adult mixed-breed naturally infected carrier horses, and if these peptides are able to induce immune responses in mice. Antibodies from 100% of carrier horses, evaluated by ELISA, recognized both peptides; PBMC from 80% of carrier horses, evaluated by lymphoproliferation assay, recognized, at least, one peptide. Furthermore, immunization with 100 microg of each peptide elicited humoral and cellular responses in BALB/c mice, antibodies appeared at 48 or 63 days of immunization with gp45 or p26, respectively. Although the kinetics of gp45- and p26-specific antibody responses were similar, percentage of positivity was higher for gp45. The lymphoproliferation assay, evaluated by BrdU uptake, was higher in mice immunized with gp45 or p26 than in the control group (P<0.05). Based on our findings, we consider that both peptides could be included in an effective vaccine design to induce long-term immunological memory.

Participation of RANTES and T-cell apoptosis in human renal allograft.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum RANTES (Regulated upon Activation of Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) levels and the expression of CCR5, as well as the percentage of apoptotic cells, in peripheral T lymphocytes from renal transplanted patients with acute rejection (AR), chronic rejection (CR) or stable evolution (SE). RANTES serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and CCR5 expression, as well as the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes, on a FACScan flow cytometer. After staining with different antibodies, the cells were subjected to three-colour flow cytometric analysis. Data analysis was performed using winmdi 2.5 software. The serum RANTES level and percentages of CCR5/CD4 and CCR5/CD8 T lymphocytes in CR, AR and SE were lower than that in the control group (P <0.05). The level of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in early apoptosis was higher in AR patients than in CR, SE or C groups (P <0.05). In the case of late apoptosis, the percentage of apoptotic/necrotic cells was higher in the CR than AR, SE or C groups (P <0.05). The RANTES serum levels and the percentage of peripheral CCR5 T lymphocytes would not indicate the renal allograft state. The increase of early apoptotic T lymphocytes could be a marker of AR process and could also indicate the initial step in reducing the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus favouring the graft evolution.

Gammadelta T cells and interleukin-6 levels could provide information regarding the progression of human renal allograft.

We have determined the percentage of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells by flow cytometry as well as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in kidney allograft recipients with acute, chronic or stable graft evolution. The percentage of CD4 and CD8 T cells in transplanted patients was lower than in the control group (P < 0.001) with the exception of CD8 gammadelta T cells from patients with stable evolution (P > 0.05). The serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-6R in acute and chronic rejection were higher than in the controls (P < 0.05). No differences in IL-6 levels were observed between the stable evolution and the control groups (P > 0.05). The levels of sIL-6R were higher in stable evolution patients than in the controls (P < 0.05) and no differences were observed between the chronic and stable evolution patients (P > 0.05). IL-6 decreased in patients with a favourable evolution, increased in those with an increased renal dysfunction and was maintained when the renal dysfunction was not modified. These results suggest that gammadelta T cells could participate in renal allograft maintenance and that IL-6 but not sIL-6R serum levels may provide a prognostic marker for measuring the evolution of kidney allograft.

Design and validation of an ELISA for equine infectious anemia (EIA) diagnosis using synthetic peptides.

Three peptides derived from the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) surface proteins were synthesized to design and validate an ELISA for EIA diagnosis. Peptides identified as gp90-I and gp90-II correspond to the N- and C-terminal part of the surface glycoprotein gp90. Peptide gp45-1 overlaps the immunodominant epitope CIERTHVFC of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp45, and includes a hydrophilic chain close to the N-terminal end of this nonapeptide loop. Serum samples from 140 naturally infected horses with EIAV and a panel of 167 non-immune equine sera obtained from non-infected animals were used. Differences in reactivity between positive and negative serum samples were clearly distinguished. Samples considered weak positive to the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test were "true" positive in the ELISA. These results are consistent with the improved sensitivity of the ELISA in comparison with the AGID test. The cyclic peptide that mimics the immunodominant sequence of gp45 showed excellent reactivity, thus suggesting that its functional activity depends significantly on its conformation, since very low reactivity was observed in the linear form of the peptide. The detectability indices of positive and negative sera reached 98% when gp90-II and gp45-I synthetic peptides were used in the same assay, illustrating the high specificity and sensitivity of the assay. Our study represents a first approach for the design of a diagnostic kit, which would allow the rapid analysis of a large numbers of serum samples from horses, and could be applied in endemic areas with different prevalence of infection.

Empleo del serodiagnóstico para detectar amebiasis invasiva en niños con disentería / Application of serodiagnosis to detect invasive amoebiasis in children with dysentery

La amebiasis es una parasitosis que afecta al 10 por ciento de la población mundial. Nueve de cada 10 infecciones son causadas por E. dispar, pero es diagnosticada y tratada como E. histolytica, por presentar quistes iguales. En cambio la infección por E. histolytica es invasiva, sintomática y presenta anticuerpos séricos específicos antiameba. La OMS recomienda el diagnóstico diferencial, dado que el tratamiento es innecesario si la infección es causada por E. dispar. Se evaluó la utilidad de las técnicas de la inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y el enzimoinmunoanálisis en fase sólida (ELISA) para el diagnóstico diferencial de estas infecciones. Se estudiaron 65 niños asistidos clasificados según clínica y examen coproparasitológico en: Grupo 1-A: asintomáticos, con coproparasitológicos negativos; Grupo 1-B: asintomáticos y con al menos un enteroparásito en el coproparasitológico; Grupo 2-A: con disentería, sospecha clínica de amebiasis y sin trofozoítos y/o quistes de E. histolytica / E. dispar en el coproparasitológico; Grupo 2-B: con disentería, sospecha clínica de amebiasis y con quistes y/o trofozoítos de E. histolytica / E. dispar en el coproparasitológico. Se realizaron exámenes coproparasitológicos directos y seriados y en muestras de suero se practicaron los inmuoensayos ELISA e IFI para la detección de anticuerpos específicos antiameba. Se observó que no hubo reactividad inespecífica con otras infecciones parasitarias y que la serología resultó reactiva cuando se hallaron trofozoítos hematófagos, patognomónicos de E. histolytica. La serorreactividad en los pacientes con quistes y/o trofozoítos no patognomónicos es fuertemente indicativa de una infección reciente. La probabilidad de tratarse de una infección remota es baja, ya que la proporción de anticuerpos específicos estudiada en 50 pacientes del grupo asintomático fue nula. Ambas técnicas presentaron resultados homólogos, a excepción de uno de los pacientes estudiados en quien, por serología, se pudo detectar una infección activa, pese a no haber sido detectada por el examen coproparasitológico. Se concluye que el empleo de técnicas de ELISA e IFI es una herramienta útil para mejorar el diagnóstico de invasión amebiana, permite aplicar una terapia acorde a las recomendaciones de la OMS y evita el tratamiento en infecciones por E. dispar

Empleo del serodiagnóstico para detectar amebiasis invasiva en niños con disentería / Application of serodiagnosis to detect invasive amoebiasis in children with dysentery

La amebiasis es una parasitosis que afecta al 10 por ciento de la población mundial. Nueve de cada 10 infecciones son causadas por E. dispar, pero es diagnosticada y tratada como E. histolytica, por presentar quistes iguales. En cambio la infección por E. histolytica es invasiva, sintomática y presenta anticuerpos séricos específicos antiameba. La OMS recomienda el diagnóstico diferencial, dado que el tratamiento es innecesario si la infección es causada por E. dispar. Se evaluó la utilidad de las técnicas de la inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y el enzimoinmunoanálisis en fase sólida (ELISA) para el diagnóstico diferencial de estas infecciones. Se estudiaron 65 niños asistidos clasificados según clínica y examen coproparasitológico en: Grupo 1-A: asintomáticos, con coproparasitológicos negativos; Grupo 1-B: asintomáticos y con al menos un enteroparásito en el coproparasitológico; Grupo 2-A: con disentería, sospecha clínica de amebiasis y sin trofozoítos y/o quistes de E. histolytica / E. dispar en el coproparasitológico; Grupo 2-B: con disentería, sospecha clínica de amebiasis y con quistes y/o trofozoítos de E. histolytica / E. dispar en el coproparasitológico. Se realizaron exámenes coproparasitológicos directos y seriados y en muestras de suero se practicaron los inmuoensayos ELISA e IFI para la detección de anticuerpos específicos antiameba. Se observó que no hubo reactividad inespecífica con otras infecciones parasitarias y que la serología resultó reactiva cuando se hallaron trofozoítos hematófagos, patognomónicos de E. histolytica. La serorreactividad en los pacientes con quistes y/o trofozoítos no patognomónicos es fuertemente indicativa de una infección reciente. La probabilidad de tratarse de una infección remota es baja, ya que la proporción de anticuerpos específicos estudiada en 50 pacientes del grupo asintomático fue nula. Ambas técnicas presentaron resultados homólogos, a excepción de uno de los pacientes estudiados en quien, por serología, se pudo detectar una infección activa, pese a no haber sido detectada por el examen coproparasitológico. Se concluye que el empleo de técnicas de ELISA e IFI es una herramienta útil para mejorar el diagnóstico de invasión amebiana, permite aplicar una terapia acorde a las recomendaciones de la OMS y evita el tratamiento en infecciones por E. dispar (AU)